Which eye condition is characterized by the inability to perceive colors correctly?

Albinism is associated with the inability to perceive colors correctly due to a lack of melanin, which affects the pigmentation of the eyes, skin, and hair. Individuals with albinism often experience photophobia (sensitivity to light) and may have reduced visual acuity, but one of the primary characteristics is color vision deficiency. This results from the impaired development of the cones in the retina, which are responsible for color perception. Such individuals may struggle with distinguishing between different colors, particularly in situations with low contrast or inadequate lighting.

Other conditions do not primarily relate to color perception. Retinitis pigmentosa leads to progressive vision loss due to the degeneration of photoreceptor cells but is not specifically characterized by color vision deficiencies. Cataracts primarily impair clarity of vision due to clouding of the lens rather than altering color perception. Myopia, or nearsightedness, affects the ability to focus on distant objects but does not influence how colors are perceived. Thus, albinism is the correct answer as it directly relates to color perception issues.