What type of vision loss begins in the central field and is caused by damage to the macula?

The type of vision loss that begins in the central field and is caused by damage to the macula is macular degeneration. This condition specifically affects the macula, which is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. As the macula deteriorates, individuals experience difficulty with tasks that require sharp vision, such as reading or recognizing faces. The progression of macular degeneration leads to a gradual blurring or a blind spot in the central vision while peripheral vision may remain intact, making this condition distinct.

In contrast, other options do not accurately represent the pattern of vision loss linked to damage to the macula. For example, presbyopia is related to the loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye due to aging, affecting near vision rather than central visual field loss. Stargardt's disease is a specific genetic form of macular degeneration that can also affect the central vision but is categorized differently due to its hereditary nature. Hypophoric, on the other hand, doesn’t relate to macular conditions and is not commonly recognized as a term in vision loss contexts.

Thus, macular degeneration stands out as the correct answer due to its direct impact on the macula leading to central vision loss.